dogage.co
Bibliography

Every source cited on dogage.co.

41 unique citations across 35 article-level sources plus 6 universal breed-data references, grouped by topic. Each entry includes the full academic citation, the purpose it's cited for, and the dogage.co pages that reference it.

Every non-obvious claim on dogage.co traces to a peer-reviewed source. The bibliography below is the receipt.

Hierarchy

Source-authority hierarchy

Every non-obvious claim on dogage.co traces to a primary source. When a claim has competing evidence, we cite the highest-authority source available, in this order:

  1. 1
    Peer-reviewed research

    Published in a journal with external peer review. Wang 2020, Teng 2022, McMillan 2024, Kraus 2013, Kealy 2002. Strongest evidence class.

  2. 2
    Veterinary-organization guidelines

    AAHA, AVMA, WSAVA, BSAVA consensus documents. Expert-panel synthesis of the peer-reviewed base.

  3. 3
    Research consortiums

    Dog Aging Project (U. Washington), Morris Animal Foundation Golden Retriever Lifetime Study. Published reports, not yet always peer-reviewed at point of citation.

  4. 4
    Breed-standard authorities

    AKC, UKC, FCI. Used for breed-standard physical ranges, group classification, and origin — not for medical claims.

  5. 5
    Educational institutions

    UC Davis, Cornell, RVC, Utrecht. Published veterinary-school references and open-course materials.

Universal

Breed-data sources (cited site-wide)

These six references anchor the breed database itself. They're cited across hundreds of breed pages rather than per-article, so they're listed here once with their site-wide coverage.

  1. AKCAmerican Kennel Club — Breed Standards

    Breed-standard weight, height, group classification, coat type, and temperament baseline.

    Cited on every breed overview page (all 200 breeds).

  2. Scientific ReportsRoyal Veterinary College VetCompass — McMillan KM et al. (2024) Life-tables

    UK primary-care median lifespan and mortality data (~585,000 dogs). The canonical breed-level lifespan source on the site.

    Cited on every breed lifespan page where RVC VetCompass covers the breed (~75% of the 200).

  3. OFAOFA / CHIC — Orthopedic Foundation for Animals screening registry

    Breed-specific recommended health screenings (hips, elbows, cardiac, eyes, thyroid, genetic panels).

    Cited on breed health pages for AKC-recognized breeds with a CHIC protocol.

  4. UW MedicineDog Aging Project — University of Washington

    Longitudinal canine aging research. Sample-size-dependent findings on size-lifespan correlations, cognitive dysfunction, and biomarkers.

    Cited across breed overview, lifespan, and senior-care pages, plus the Phase 4 aging-science editorial articles.

  5. Topics in Companion Animal MedicineFortney WD (2012) — Implementing a Successful Senior/Geriatric Health Care Program

    Size-category senior and geriatric age thresholds (toy 9/13, small 8/12, medium 7/11, large 6/10, giant 5/8). Single source of truth for life-stage math site-wide.

    Cited on every senior-care page (200 breeds), every year page (15), and the senior calculator.

  6. JAAHAAAHA — 2019 Canine Life Stage Guidelines (Creevy KE et al.)

    Four-stage adult life-stage framework; preventive-care cadence recommendations.

    Cited on all 200 senior-care pages, life-stage articles, and the senior calculator.

Topic

Aging science & epigenetics

11 sources, cited across the articles listed under each entry.

  1. Cell2023

    López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G

    Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe

    Cited in

  2. Cell Systems2020

    Wang T, Ma J, Hogan AN, et al.

    Quantitative Translation of Dog-to-Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome

    Cited in

  3. Aging2019

    Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, et al.

    DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan

    Cited in

  4. Aging2017

    Thompson MJ, vonHoldt B, Horvath S, Pellegrini M

    An epigenetic aging clock for dogs and wolves

    Cited in

  5. GeroScience2017

    Urfer SR, Kaeberlein TL, Mailheau S, et al.

    A randomized controlled trial to establish effects of short-term rapamycin treatment in 24 middle-aged companion dogs

    Cited in

  6. Molecular Cell2013

    Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, Zhang L, Hughes G, Sadda S, Klotzle B, Bibikova M, Fan JB, Gao Y, Deconde R, Chen M, Rajapakse I, Friend S, Ideker T, Zhang K

    Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates

    Cited in

  7. Genome Biology2013

    Horvath S

    DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types

    Cited in

  8. Cell2013

    López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G

    The Hallmarks of Aging

    Cited in

  9. Science2007

    Sutter NB, Bustamante CD, Chase K, et al.

    A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs

    Cited in

  10. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association2002

    Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, Mantz SL, Biery DN, Greeley EH, Lust G, Segre M, Smith GK, Stowe HD

    Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs

    Cited in

  11. Journal of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences1997

    Patronek GJ, Waters DJ, Glickman LT

    Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: implications for gerontology research

    Cited in

Topic

Breed lifespan epidemiology

5 sources, cited across the articles listed under each entry.

  1. Scientific Reports2024

    McMillan KM, Bielby J, Williams CL, Upjohn MM, Casey RA, Christley RM

    Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death

    Cited in

  2. Scientific Reports2022

    Teng KT, Brodbelt DC, Pegram C, Church DB, O'Neill DG

    Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom

    Cited in

  3. The American Naturalist2013

    Kraus C, Pavard S, Promislow DEL

    The size–life span trade-off decomposed: why large dogs die young

    Cited in

  4. Research in Veterinary Science2007

    Greer KA, Canterberry SC, Murphy KE

    Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and body weight on life span of the domestic dog

    Cited in

  5. Veterinary Record1999

    Michell AR

    Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease

    Cited in

Topic

Life stages & senior care

7 sources, cited across the articles listed under each entry.

  1. GeroScience2026

    Fisher DW, Fisher JR, Urfer SR, Tran NA, Kerr KF, Dog Aging Project Consortium, Darvas M

    Higher burden of neuropsychiatric symptom-like behaviors associated with canine cognitive dysfunction compared to normal aging in the Dog Aging Project

    Cited in

  2. PLoS One2025

    Dog Aging Project Consortium et al.

    An analysis of behavioral characteristics and enrollment year variability in 47,444 dogs entering the Dog Aging Project from 2020 to 2023

    Cited in

  3. Nature2022

    Creevy KE, Akey JM, Kaeberlein M, Promislow DEL, Dog Aging Project Consortium

    An open science study of ageing in companion dogs

    Cited in

  4. AVMA2021

    American Veterinary Medical Association

    Senior Pet Care Guidelines

    Cited in

  5. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association2019

    Bellows J, Berg ML, Dennis S, Harvey R, Lobprise HB, Snyder CJ, Stone AES, Van de Wetering AG

    2019 AAHA Dental Care Guidelines for Dogs and Cats

    Cited in

  6. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association2019

    Creevy KE, Grady J, Little SE, Moore GE, Strickler BG, Thompson S, Webb JA

    2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines

    Cited in

  7. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice2012

    Fortney WD

    Implementing a successful senior wellness program

    Cited in

Topic

Health conditions & disease

5 sources, cited across the articles listed under each entry.

  1. Scientific Reports2021

    McMillan KM, Bielby J, Williams CL, Upjohn MM, Casey RA, Christley RM

    Disorder predispositions and protections of Labrador Retrievers in the UK

    Cited in

  2. Scientific Reports2018

    Anderson KL, O'Neill DG, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Meeson RL, Sargan D, Summers JF, Zulch H, Collins LM

    Prevalence, duration and risk factors for appendicular osteoarthritis in a UK dog population under primary veterinary care

    Cited in

  3. ISRN Veterinary Science2013

    Dobson JM

    Breed-predispositions to cancer in pedigree dogs

    Cited in

  4. The Veterinary Journal2011

    Salvin HE, McGreevy PD, Sabiston MJ, Valenzuela MJ

    The canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale (CCDR): a data-driven and ecologically relevant assessment tool

    Cited in

  5. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association2001

    Meurs KM, Miller MW, Wright NA

    Clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy in Great Danes and results of a pedigree analysis: 17 cases (1990-2000)

    Cited in

Topic

Mortality & epidemiology

4 sources, cited across the articles listed under each entry.

  1. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology2018

    Lewis TW, Wiles BM, Llewellyn-Zaidi AM, Evans KM, O'Neill DG

    Longevity and mortality in Kennel Club registered dog breeds in the UK in 2014

    Cited in

  2. The Veterinary Journal2013

    O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC

    Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England

    Cited in

  3. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine2011

    Fleming JM, Creevy KE, Promislow DEL

    Mortality in North American dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death

    Cited in

  4. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica2005

    Bonnett BN, Egenvall A, Hedhammar Å, Olson P

    Mortality in over 350,000 insured Swedish dogs from 1995-2000: I. Breed-, gender-, age-, and cause-specific rates

    Cited in

Topic

Nutrition & body condition

2 sources, cited across the articles listed under each entry.

  1. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine2019

    Salt C, Morris PJ, Wilson D, Lund EM, German AJ

    Association between life span and body condition in neutered client-owned dogs

    Cited in

  2. Canine Practice1997

    Laflamme DP

    Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs

    Cited in

Topic

Methodology & framework

1 source, cited across the articles listed under each entry.

  1. AKC.org2026

    American Kennel Club

    American Kennel Club — Breed Standards Database

    Cited in

To see how these sources apply in context, browse the guides index or jump into a specific breed. The editorial standards behind this index live on the About page.